| # | Base Word | With -ed / IPA | With -ing / IPA | Root Pattern | Orthographic & Phonetic Rule Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hope | hoped /hoʊpt/ | hoping /ˈhoʊpɪŋ/ | VCe (long ō) | Drop silent e; -ed sounds like /t/ after unvoiced stop /p/. Root vowel stays long /oʊ/. |
| 2 | wave | waved /weɪvd/ | waving /ˈweɪvɪŋ/ | VCe (long ā) | Drop silent e; -ed sounds like voiced /d/ after voiced fricative /v/. Root vowel is /eɪ/. |
| 3 | love | loved /lʌvd/ | loving /ˈlʌvɪŋ/ | VCe (short ŭ) | Drop silent e; English words do not end in v, so silent e was structural. Root vowel is short /ʌ/. |
| 4 | move | moved /muːvd/ | moving /ˈmuːvɪŋ/ | VCe (long o͞o) | Drop silent e; root vowel produces /uː/. -ed is voiced /d/. |
| 5 | live | lived /lɪvd/ | living /ˈlɪvɪŋ/ | VCe (short ĭ) | Drop silent e; short vowel /ɪ/ followed by protected v. -ed sounds like voiced /d/. |