| Category | Target Words & IPA | Phonological & Morphological Rule |
|---|---|---|
| Short ă (/æ/) |
Back /bæk/
standing /ˈstændɪŋ/ Alas /əˈlæs/ and /ænd/ |
Closed syllable pattern where vowel a is followed by a consonant in the same syllable, producing the short lax front vowel /æ/. |
| Long ā (/eɪ/) |
gave /ɡeɪv/
name /neɪm/ came /keɪm/ gazing /ˈɡeɪzɪŋ/ face /feɪs/ grace /ɡreɪs/ |
Vowel-consonant-e (VCE) pattern: silent final e marks long ā. In gazing, silent e was dropped before suffix -ing. |
| Soft ç (/s/) vs Hard c̄ (/k/) |
face /feɪs/
voice /vɔɪs/
grace /ɡreɪs/ came /keɪm/ |
Soft c occurs when followed by e (or i, y). Hard c occurs before a, o, u (came). |