Webster’s Pronunciation Key

Hệ thống ký hiệu ngữ âm học Webster (The Consonants, Consonant Equivalents, Vowel Equivalents, Digraphs & Trigraphs) trong các sách học vần và từ điển cổ điển của Mỹ.

TABLE OF SOUNDS (Arranged Alphabetically)

Vowels and Vowel Equivalents • Consonants and Consonant Equivalents (Hazen’s Complete Speller, pp. 18–21)

Hazen p. 18–21

Nguyên Âm A Nguyên Âm E Nguyên Âm I Nguyên Âm O Nguyên Âm U, W, Y Phụ Âm B–Z (pp. 20–21) Bảng Thu Gọn Nguyên Âm (p. 21) Bảng Thu Gọn Phụ Âm (p. 21)

A • Vowels and Vowel Equivalents (p. 18)

28 quy tắc

ă	(short)	as in hat
ā	(long)	as in hate
ä	(Italian)	as in car
ȧ	(short Italian)	as in ask
a̤	(broad)	as in all
â	(circumflex)	as in care
a	(short obscure)	as in final
a	(long obscure)	as in surface
ar = er	(glide obscure)	as in collar
ạ = ŏ	(short o)	as in was
a = ĕ	(short e)	as in any
æ	must be marked and sounded as though it were e alone.
ai = ĭ	(short i)	as in certain
āi = ā	(long a)	as in laid

ai = a	(long obscure)	as in portrait
ai = ĕ	(short e)	as in said
âi = â	(circumflex)	as in pair
äu = ä	(Italian a)	as in aunt
āu = ā	(long a)	as in gauge
a̤u = a̤	(broad a)	as in haul
a̤w = a̤	(broad a)	as in saw
a̤we = a̤	(broad a)	as in awe
āy = ā	(long a)	as in day
ay = a	(long obscure)	as in Monday
ay = ĕ	(short e)	in the word says
äy̆ = äĭ	(diphthong)	in ay, meaning yes
äy̆e = äĭ	(diphthong)	in aye, meaning yes
āye = ā	(long a)	in aye, meaning always

E • Vowels and Vowel Equivalents (pp. 18–19)

38 quy tắc

ĕ	(short)	as in net
ē	(long)	as in me
ê = â	(circumflex)	as in there
ẽ	(tilde or wave)	as in her
e	(short obscure)	as in patent
e	(long obscure)	as in delay
er	(glide obscure)	as in after
ė = ĭ	(dot over = short i)	as in pretty
ĕa = ĕ	(short e)	as in head
ēa = ē	(long e)	as in near
ea = ā	(macron below = long a)	as in break
êa = â	(circumflex)	as in pear
ẽa = ẽ	(tilde)	as in earn
ea̤ = a̤	(broad a)	as in ocean
eä = ä	(Italian a)	as in heart
eaū = ō	(long o)	as in beau
eaū = ū	(long u)	as in beauty
ēe = ē	(long e)	as in keep
ee = e	(long obscure)	as in coffee

ėe = ĭ	(short i)	as in been
ĕi = ĕ	(short e)	as in heifer
ēi = ē	(long e)	as in weird
ėi = ĭ	(short i)	as in forfeit
êi = â	(circumflex)	as in heir
ei = ā	(macron below = long a)	as in vein
eȯ = ŭ	(short u)	as in pigeon
ĕo = ĕ	(short e)	as in leopard
ēo = ē	(long e)	as in people
eȯu = ŭ	(short u)	as in gorgeous
eū = ū	(long u)	as in feud
ew = ō	(long o)	in the word sew
ew = oo	(long oo)	as in crew
ew = ū	(long u)	as in pew
ewe = ū	(long u)	as in ewe
ēy = ē	(long e)	as in key
ey = ā	(long a)	as in they
ėy = ĭ	(short i)	as in donkey
eȳe = ī	(long i)	as in eye

I • Vowels and Vowel Equivalents (p. 19)

17 quy tắc

ĭ	(short)	as in hit
ī	(long)	as in kite
ĩ = ẽ	(tilde or wave)	as in sir
i	(long obscure)	as in idea
ir = er	(glide obscure)	as in nadir
i = y	(consonant)	as in valiant
ï = ē	(diaeresis = long e)	as in pique
ia = a	(short obscure)	as in social
ie = e	(short obscure)	as in ancient

ĭe = ĭ	(short i)	as in duties
īe = ī	(long i)	as in tried
īe = ē	(long e)	as in thief
ier = er	(glide obscure)	as in brazier
ieū = ū	(long u)	as in lieu
iew = ū	(long u)	as in view
iȯ = ŭ	(short u)	as in nation
iȯu = ŭ	(short u)	as in gracious

O • Vowels and Vowel Equivalents (p. 19)

36 quy tắc

ŏ	(short)	as in hop
ō	(long)	as in bone
ô = a̤	(circumflex = broad a)	as in for
o	(long obscure)	as in hero
or = er	(glide obscure)	as in labor
oi	(diphthong)	as in oil
ou	(diphthong)	as in out
ow = ou	(diphthong)	as in cow
oy = oi	(diphthong)	as in coy
oo	(short)	as in book
oo	(long)	as in moon
o = û	(inverted circumflex below)	as in word
o = wŭ	(struck o)	as in one
o = ĭ	(short i)	in the word women
o̤ = oo	(two dots below = long oo)	as in who
ọ = oo	(one dot below = short oo)	as in wolf
ȯ = ŭ	(dot over = short u)	as in son
ōa = ō	(long o)	as in boat

ôa = a̤	(broad a)	as in broad
œ	must be marked and sounded as though it were e alone.
o̤e = oo	(long oo)	as in shoe
ȯe = ŭ	(short u)	as in does
ōe = ō	(long o)	as in toe
ȯĭ = ĭ	(short i)	as in tortoise
ȯo = ŭ	(short u)	as in blood
ōo = ō	(long o)	as in door
o̤u = oo	(long oo)	as in route
ọu = oo	(short oo)	as in could
ȯu = ŭ	(short u)	as in touch
ōu = ō	(long o)	as in four
ôu = a̤	(broad a)	as in cough
ou = û	(circumflex u)	as in scourge
ȯw = ŭ	(short u)	as in bellows
ōw = ō	(long o)	as in blow
ow = o	(long obscure)	as in window
ōwe = ō	(long o)	as in owe

U, W, Y • Vowels and Vowel Equivalents (p. 20)

28 quy tắc

Letter U (Nguyên âm & Tương đương)

ŭ	(short)	as in cut
ū	(long)	as in fuse
û	(circumflex)	as in turn
u	(long obscure)	as in unite
ur = er	(glide obscure)	as in *augur
uă = ă	(short a)	as in guarantee
uä = ä	(Italian a)	as in guard
uay = ē	(long e)	in the word quay
ṳe = oo	(two dots below = long oo)	as in true
ūe = ū	(long u)	as in due
uĕ = ĕ	(short e)	as in guess

W (vowel only after a vowel) • Y (vowel)

y̆ = ĭ	(short i)	as in hymn
ȳ = ī	(long i)	as in by
yr = er	(glide obscure)	as in satyr

Letter U (tiếp theo)

u = w	(consonant)	as in queen
ṳ = oo	(two dots below = long oo)	as in rude
ụ = oo	(one dot below = short oo)	as in put
u = ĕ	(short e)	as in bury
u̇ = ĭ	(dot over = short i)	as in busy
ue	(silent)	as in plague, pique
ṳi = oo	(long oo)	as in fruit
ūi = ū	(long u)	as in juice
uĭ = ĭ	(short i)	as in guilt
uor = er	(glide obscure)	as in liquor
uȳ = ī	(long i)	as in buy

Y (vowel - tiếp theo)

ỹ = ẽ	(tilde or wave)	as in myrrh
y = i	(long obscure)	as in hyena
ȳe = ī	(long i)	as in dye

* Chú thích của Hazen (p. 20): “The International Dictionary marks u short in the unaccented syllables of augur, etc., but we prefer to use our glide obscure mark, which represents the same sound.”

CONSONANTS AND CONSONANT EQUIVALENTS • B to Z (pp. 20–21)

45 quy tắc

b	(consonant)	as in bat, bell
c = k	(hard c)	as in cat, cape
ç = s	(cedilla = s)	as in cell, mice
ç = z	(cedilla = z)	as in suffice, discern
ç = sh	(cedilla = sh)	as in precious, ocean
çh = sh	(cedilla h = sh)	as in chute, charade
ch = tsh	(consonant)	as in chip, much
d	(consonant)	as in dot, hod
đ = t	(barred d = t)	as in missed, raced
d = j	(d = j)	in the word soldier
f	(consonant)	as in fat, safe
f = v	(f = v)	in the word of
ḡ	(hard g)	as in gave, dog
ġ = j	(soft g)	as in gem, gentle
g = zh	(g = zh)	in the words rouge, regime
gh = f	(line over gh = f)	as in cough, laugh
gh = p	(line over gh = p)	in the word hiccough
h	(consonant)	as in hat, hate
i = y	(consonant)	as in valiant
j	(consonant)	as in jug, jet
j = y	(j = y)	in the word hallelujah
k	(consonant)	as in kind, cake
l	(consonant)	as in lad, ail

m	(consonant)	as in map, came
n	(consonant)	as in ran, not
n	(nasal)	as in rang, rank
ñ = ny	(Spanish ñ)	as in cañon, señor
p	(consonant)	as in pin, ripe
ph = f	(line over ph = f)	as in phrase, prophet
q = k	(q = k)	as in pique, opaque
r	(rough)	as in rat, run
r	(glide)	as in tar, her
r	(trill) in thr	as in three, throw
s	(surd)	as in sat, this
ş = z	(sonant = z)	as in has, rose
ṣ = sh	(dot below = sh)	as in sure, mansion
s̤ = zh	(two dots below = zh)	as in vision, closure
sh	(consonant)	as in shut, dash
t	(consonant)	as in tub, hit
ṭ = sh	(dot/3-dots below = sh)	as in nation, partial
t = ch	(macron below = ch)	as in question
th	(surd)	as in thin, bath
th	(sonant)	as in that, bathe
u = w	(consonant)	as in queen, anguish
v	(consonant)	as in vex, live

W, WH, X, Y, Z • Consonants (p. 21)

w	(consonant)	as in we, was
wh = hw	(aspirate)	as in what, when
x = ks	(surd)	as in tax, vex
x = gz	(sonant)	as in exact, exist
x = z	(macron over = z)	as in xebec, Xenia

y	(consonant)	as in yet, you
z	(consonant)	as in zeal, zest
z = s	(z = s)	in the word chintz
z̤ = zh	(two dots below = zh)	as in azure, brazier

CONDENSED TABLE OF VOWEL EQUIVALENTS (p. 21)

Bảng Thu Gọn Toàn Bộ Các Đẳng Thức Nguyên Âm Tương Đương Trong Tiếng Anh

17 chuỗi đẳng thức

āi = āu = āy = āye = ea = ei = ey	= ā	(laid, gauge, day, aye, break, vein, they)
äu = eä = uä	= ä	(aunt, heart, guard)
a̤u = a̤w = a̤we = ô = ôa = ôu	= a̤	(haul, saw, awe, for, broad, cough)
âi = ê = êa = êi	= â	(pair, there, pear, heir)
ea̤ = ia	= a̤	(ocean, social)
a = ai = ay = ĕa = ĕi = ĕo = u = uĕ	= ĕ	(any, said, says, head, heifer, leopard, bury, guess)
ēa = ēe = ēi = ēo = ēy = ï = īe	= ē	(near, keep, weird, people, key, pique, thief)
ẽa = ĩ = ỹ	= ẽ	(earn, sir, myrrh)
ar = ir = ier = or = ur = uor = yr	= er	(collar, nadir, brazier, labor, augur, liquor, satyr)
aĭ = ė = ėe = ėi = ėy = ĭe = ȯĭ = u̇ = uĭ = y̆	= ĭ	(certain, pretty, been, forfeit, donkey, duties, tortoise, busy, guilt, hymn)
eī = eȳe = īe = uī = uȳ = ȳ = ȳe	= ī	(eye, tried, guide, buy, by, dye)
eaū = ew = ōa = ōe = ōo = ōu = ōw = ōwe	= ō	(beau, sew, boat, toe, door, four, blow, owe)
ọ = ọu = ụ	= oo	(wolf, could, put)
ew = o̤ = o̤e = o̤u = ṳ = ṳe = ṳi	= oo	(crew, who, shoe, route, rude, true, fruit)
eȯ = eȯu = iȯ = iȯu = ȯ = ȯe = ȯo = ȯu = ȯw	= ŭ	(pigeon, gorgeous, nation, gracious, son, does, blood, touch, bellows)
eaū = eū = ew = ewe = ieū = iew = ūe = ūi	= ū	(beauty, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, due, juice)
o = ou	= û	(word, scourge)

CONDENSED TABLE OF CONSONANT EQUIVALENTS (p. 21)

Bảng Thu Gọn Các Đẳng Thức Phụ Âm Tương Đương

5 nhóm tương đương

gh = ph = f

Ví dụ: cough, laugh, phrase, prophet đều phát âm là f.

c = q = k

Ví dụ: cat, cape, pique, opaque đều phát âm là k.

ç = ṣ = ṭ = çh = sh

Ví dụ: precious, ocean, sure, mansion, nation, partial, chute đều phát âm là sh.

s̤ = z̤ = zh

Ví dụ: vision, closure, azure, brazier đều phát âm là zh.

ç = ş = x = z

Ví dụ: suffice, discern (ç), has, rose (ş), xebec, Xenia (x̄) đều phát âm là z.

Phonetic & Diacritical Marks

Hazen’s Complete Speller • Trang 16

VOWEL MARKS.

THE MACRON, over any vowel and over oo..as, ā

THE BREVE, over any vowel and over oo...as, ă

THE CIRCUMFLEX, over a, e, o and u....as, â

THE TILDE, OR WAVE, over e, i and y..as, ẽ

A DOT, over a and o.....................as, ȧ

A DOT, under a, o and u ................as, ạ

TWO DOTS, over a and i.................as, ä

TWO DOTS, under a, o and u ............as, a̤

A LINE, under e .......................as, e

THE LONG OBSCURE, over any vowel....as, a

CONSONANT MARKS.

A LINE, over g..........................as, ḡ

A DOT, over g...........................as, ġ

A LINE, under n.........................as, n

A LINE, through c.......................as, c

THE CEDILLA.............................as, ç

THE SUSPENDED BAR, under s and x...as, ş

A LINE, through th......................as, th

THE TILDE, OR WAVE, over n..........as, ñ

SPECIAL MARKS USED IN THIS BOOK.

A SLANT LINE, through any letter to
make it silent

} as, a

A DOT, over e and u.....................as, ė

A DOT, under c, s and t................as, c̣

TWO DOTS, under ew, s and z............as, e̤w̤

THREE DOTS, under t....................as, t

A LINE, over ew, x and eau............as, ew

THE SUSPENDED BAR, under c...........as, ç

A LINE, through a, o, u, d, f, gh and ph...as, a

A LINE, under u.........................as, u

THE CIRCUMFLEX, under o................as, o̭

THE INVERTED BREVE, over i............as, ȋ

THE SHORT OBSCURE, under a and e...as, a̮

THE GLIDE OBSCURE, under any glide
vowel

} as, e̮r

🔍 Giải mã các ký hiệu dấu phụ đặc biệt của Hazen (Trang 16):

1. Dấu câm & Dấu biến âm:

A Slant Line (a): Vạch chéo qua thân chữ cái để biểu thị chữ cái câm (silent letter), học sinh không đọc âm đó (ví dụ chữ k trong knife, w trong write).
A Line through (a): Vạch ngang xuyên thân áp dụng cho a, o, u, d, f, gh, ph biểu diễn âm biến đổi hoặc bị câm một phần.
Suspended Bar (s, c): Vạch đứng treo dưới chân chữ để chỉ âm biến đổi đặc thù.

2. Dấu ba chấm & Âm lướt:

Three Dots (t): 3 dấu chấm dưới chân chữ t ký hiệu âm sát /ʃ/ (như trong nation) hoặc /tʃ/.
The Inverted Breve (ȋ): Dấu trăng khuyết úp trên đầu chữ i.
The Circumflex Under (o̭): Dấu mũ ngược đặt dưới chân chữ o.
The Glide Obscure (e̮r): Dấu cung ngửa dưới nguyên âm lướt đi trước phụ âm r, giúp học sinh nhận diện âm lướt nhẹ.

Classification of Elementary Sounds & Combinations

Hazen’s Complete Speller • Trang 17

Vowels a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y.

Consonants {

SUBVOCALS
(Voiced consonants)

{

b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, w, y, z.

ASPIRATES or SURDS
(Whispers)

{

c, f, h, k, p, q, s, t, x;

LABIALS
(Lip letters)

{

b, m, p, w.

LINGUALS
(Tongue letters)

{

c, d, ġ, k, j, l, n, q, r, s, t, x, y, z.

DENTALS
(Teeth letters)

{

f, v.

GUTTURAL
(Throat)

{

ḡ

PURE ASPIRATE
(Breath)

{

Diphthongs oi, ou, ow, oy.

Vowel Digraphs

{

ae, ai, ao, au, aw, ay;
ea, ee, ei, eo, eu, ew, ey;
ia, ie, io; oa, oe, oo, ou, ow;
ua, ue, ui, uo, uy; ye.

Vowel Trigraphs

{

awe, aye, eau, eou, ewe, eye.
ieu, iou, iew, owe.

Consonant Digraphs ch, gh, ph, sh, th, ng.

Also, any two consonants which are combined to express a single articulated sound.

Consonant Trigraphs ght, tch.

📚 Chú giải khoa học ngữ âm học cổ điển (Hazen's Classification):

1. Phân loại Phụ âm theo 2 góc nhìn:

Theo thanh tính (Phonation):
• Subvocals (Voiced): Phụ âm có tiếng vang thanh quản (b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v, w, y, z).
• Aspirates / Surds (Whispers): Phụ âm vô thanh, chỉ bật luồng hơi thở (c, f, h, k, p, q, s, t, x).
Theo cơ quan phát âm (Organs of Speech):
• Labials: Âm môi (b, m, p, w).
• Linguals: Âm lưỡi (c, d, ġ, k, j, l, n, q, r, s, t, x, y, z).
• Dentals: Âm răng (f, v).
• Guttural: Âm vòm họng / cuống lưỡi (ḡ - hard g).
• Pure Aspirate: Âm thở thanh hầu thuần túy (h).

2. Khái niệm Trùng âm (Diphthongs, Digraphs, Trigraphs):

Diphthongs (Nhị trùng âm thật): Có sự trượt khẩu hình từ âm này sang âm kia (oi, ou, ow, oy).
Vowel Digraphs (Nhị trùng chữ nguyên âm): 2 chữ cái nguyên âm đứng cạnh nhau để biểu thị 1 âm vị.
Vowel Trigraphs (Tam trùng chữ nguyên âm): 3 chữ cái nguyên âm ghép lại thành 1 âm vị (như eau trong beau/beauty, eye).
Consonant Digraphs & Trigraphs: 2 hoặc 3 phụ âm phối hợp tạo thành một âm tố đơn nhất (ch, gh, ph, sh, th, ng; ght, tch).

The Consonants

Bảng 22 Phụ Âm Cơ Bản (3 Cột)

b as in bad
ch as in chat
d as in dot
f as in fat
g as in get
h as in hat
j as in jug
k as in kid

l as in lid
m as in met
n as in net
p as in pet
r as in ran
s as in sin
sh as in shin

t as in tin
th as in thin
th as in that
v as in van
w as in win
y as in year
z as in zest

Consonant Equivalents

Bảng Phụ Âm Tương Đương (2 Cột)

ff as in muff gh as in cough ph as in phlox	}	= f
di as in soldier dg as in fudge ġ as in gem	}	= j
ḡu as in language		= gw
c as in card ch as in chorus ck as in trick q as in liquor	}	= k
qu as in queen		= kw
x as in box		= ks
n as in sing		= ng

tch as in catch		= ch
x as in exact		= ḡz
wh as in when		= hw
ç as in rice		= s
çe as in ocean çi as in facial s as in sure si as in session çh as in chaise ti as in notion	}	= sh
th as in Thomas		= t
ş as in measure şi as in vision	}	= zh

🔍 Quy ước dấu phụ cho phụ âm theo hệ thống ngữ âm Webster:

th (Barred th): Có một thanh ngang vắt liền qua cả hai chữ cái t và h để biểu thị âm th hữu thanh (voiced /ð/ trong that), phân biệt với th không gạch là âm th vô thanh (voiceless /θ/ trong thin).
c & ch (Barred c): Chữ c có thanh ngang cắt ngang qua thân để chỉ âm hard c = k (như trong card, chorus).
ç & çh (Cedilla c): Chữ c có móc cedilla dưới chân để biểu thị âm soft c = s (trong rice) hoặc kết hợp thành sh (trong ocean, facial, chaise).
ġ (Dot above g): Chữ g có dấu chấm trên đầu biểu thị âm soft g = j /dʒ/ (trong gem).
ḡ (Macron above g): Chữ g có thanh ngang trên đầu biểu thị âm hard g /ɡ/ (trong language, exact = ḡz).
x (Macron below x): Chữ x có thanh ngang dưới chân biểu thị âm hữu thanh /ɡz/ (trong exact), đối lập với x thông thường là vô thanh /ks/ (trong box).
n (Macron below n): Chữ n có thanh ngang dưới chân biểu thị âm ngạc mềm /ŋ/ = ng (trong sing).
ş / ş (Cedilla / Comma below s): Chữ s có dấu móc dưới chân biểu thị âm xát vòm hữu thanh /ʒ/ = zh (trong measure, vision).

Vowel Digraphs

Tổ Hợp Hai Nguyên Âm (Digraphs)

ai ay ei	}	= ā	(8)²
ey ea au
ȳe uȳ ai	}	= ī	(10)
ie u̇i ei
ew¹ ue eu ui		= ū	(12)
ia ui ee¹ ie	}	= ĭ	(15)
ai ei oi ey̆
ew¹ ṳi	}	= oo³	(17)
ṳe o̤u o̤e
eô ôu	}	= a̤	(19)
aw au oa

ea ee ie	}	= ē	(9)
ei ey eo	}	= ē	(9)
oa ou eo	}	= ō	(11)
oe ew¹ ow	}	= ō	(11)
ea ai¹ eo	}	= ĕ	(13)
ei ue ie ay¹	}	= ĕ	(13)
ea au ua		= ä	(16)
ọu		= oo	(18)
ai êi ea ay		= â	(18)
ou ȯo ȯe ȯi		= ŭ	(16)

VOWEL TRIGRAPHS

Tổ Hợp Ba Nguyên Âm Tạo Thành Một Âm Tố (Trigraphs)

iew ieu eau		= ū	(12) .
eȳe		= ī	(10)

eau

= ō (bản in: o)

(11)

🔍 Chú giải chi tiết Vowel Trigraphs (Tam trùng âm):

iew, ieu, eau = ū (12): Phát âm là nguyên âm dài long u /juː/. Ví dụ: view, adieu, beauty.
eȳe = ī (10): Phát âm là nguyên âm dài long i /aɪ/. Ký hiệu có thanh ngang trên y (ȳ). Ví dụ: eye.
eau = ō (11): Phát âm là nguyên âm dài long o /oʊ/. Số hiệu (11) chỉ âm ō trong bảng Webster (bản in sách hiển thị chữ o, đối chiếu dòng 11 là âm ō dài). Ví dụ: beau, bureau.

Vowel Equivalents

Bảng Nguyên Âm Tương Đương

ê as in where		= â
ô as in fought		= a̤
ï as in police		= ē
a¹ as in any	}	= ĕ
u¹ as in bury	}	= ĕ
a¹ as in liar	}	= ẽ
ĩ as in bird
o¹ as in labor
ỹ as in myrrh
o̤ as in shoe	}	= oo
ṳ² as in true	}	= oo
ȳ as in my		= ī

ạ as in what		= ŏ
o as in word		= û
o¹ as in women	}	= ĭ
e¹ as in pretty
u¹ as in busy
y̆ as in hymn
ọ as in wolf	}	= oo
ụ as in bush	}	= oo
oy¹ as in boy		= oi
ȯ as in done		= ŭ
ow¹ as in cow		= ou

Bảng Quy Ước Ký Hiệu & Mã HTML / Unicode

Dòng 1 → 30 Toàn Diện

Dòng	Ký hiệu	Tên dấu phụ	Cách thể hiện trong HTML / Unicode	Ý nghĩa ngữ âm học	Từ ví dụ
1	ā	Macron (thanh ngang)	ā (ā / U+0101)	Nguyên âm dài (long).	ate
2	a	Modified Macron	Unicode: ā̍ hoặc CSS .mod-macron	Nguyên âm dài biến đổi (mod. long) trong âm tiết không nhấn trọng âm.	surface
3	â	Circumflex (dấu mũ)	â (â / U+00E2)	Biến âm đứng trước phụ âm r (before r).	bare
4	ă	Breve (trăng khuyết, chữ đứng)	ă (ă / U+0103)	Nguyên âm ngắn (short) có trọng âm.	cat
5	ă	Italic Breve (trăng khuyết in nghiêng)	<i>ă</i>	Nguyên âm ngắn lướt (mod. short) không nhấn trọng âm (âm mờ/schwa).	infant
6	ȧ	Dot above (chấm trên đầu, chữ đứng)	ȧ (ȧ / U+0227)	Âm trung gian (intermediate) giữa /æ/ và /ɑː/.	ask
7	ȧ	Italic Dot above (chấm trên in nghiêng)	<i>ȧ</i>	Âm trung gian không nhấn trọng âm (mod. inter.).	sofa
8	ä	Diaeresis / Umlaut (hai chấm trên đầu)	ä (ä / U+00E4)	Âm "Italian a" (/ɑː/) mở rộng.	star
9	a̤	Diaeresis below (hai chấm dưới chân)	a̤ (U+0324) hoặc a̤	Âm "Broad a" (/ɔː/ - như âm trong all, ball, fall). Ký hiệu đặc trưng của Webster với 2 dấu chấm nằm dưới chân chữ.	all
10	ē	Macron (thanh ngang)	ē (ē / U+0113)	Nguyên âm dài e.	she
11	e	Modified Macron	Unicode: ē̍ hoặc CSS .mod-macron	Nguyên âm e dài biến đổi (mod. long) trong âm tiết không nhấn.	because
12	ĕ	Breve (trăng khuyết, chữ đứng)	ĕ (ĕ / U+0115)	Nguyên âm ngắn e (short).	met
13	ĕ	Italic Breve (trăng khuyết in nghiêng)	<i>ĕ</i>	Nguyên âm ngắn e lướt (mod. short) không nhấn.	angel
14	ẽ	Tilde (dấu ngã trên đầu)	ẽ (ẽ / U+1EBD)	Biến âm e đứng trước r (before r).	her
15	ī	Macron (thanh ngang)	ī (ī / U+012B)	Nguyên âm dài i.	ice
16	i	Modified Macron on i	ī̍ hoặc CSS .mod-macron	Nguyên âm dài i biến đổi (mod. long) trong âm tiết không nhấn trọng âm.	idea
17	ĭ	Breve on i (chữ đứng)	ĭ (ĭ / U+012D)	Nguyên âm ngắn i (/ɪ/) có trọng âm.	him
18	ō	Macron on o	ō (ō / U+014D)	Nguyên âm dài o (/oʊ/).	old
19	o	Modified Macron on o	ō̍ hoặc CSS .mod-macron	Nguyên âm dài o biến đổi (mod. long) trong âm tiết không nhấn.	obey
20	ŏ	Breve on o (chữ đứng)	ŏ (ŏ / U+014F)	Nguyên âm ngắn o (/ɒ/ hoặc /ɑː/) có trọng âm.	not
21	ŏ	Italic Breve on o (in nghiêng)	<i>ŏ</i>	Nguyên âm ngắn o lướt (mod. short) không nhấn (âm mờ/schwa).	correct
22	ȯ	Dot above on o (Medial / Intermediate o)	ȯ (ȯ / U+022F)	Âm o trung gian giữa ngắn (/ɒ/) và rộng (/ɔː/). Sách ghi rõ "Note p. 118" để học sinh xem phần chú giải quy tắc phát âm nhóm từ soft, cloth, cost, loss.	soft
23	oo	Double Inverted Breve / Tie	o͡o (U+0361) hoặc CSS .short-oo	Âm ngắn của cụm oo (/ʊ/) với dấu cung ngửa nối liền 2 chữ o.	foot
24	oo	Double Macron (1 thanh ngang nối dài)	o͞o (U+035E) hoặc CSS .long-oo	Âm dài của cụm oo (/uː/) với 1 dấu gạch ngang duy nhất vắt qua cả 2 chữ o (như long a).	food
25	ū	Macron on u	ū (ū / U+016B)	Nguyên âm dài u (/juː/ hoặc /uː/).	tube
26	u	Modified Macron on u	ū̍ hoặc CSS .mod-macron	Nguyên âm dài u biến đổi trong âm tiết không nhấn.	nature
27	ŭ	Breve on u (chữ đứng)	ŭ (ŭ / U+016D)	Nguyên âm ngắn u (/ʌ/) có trọng âm.	cup
28	ŭ	Italic Breve on u (in nghiêng)	<i>ŭ</i>	Nguyên âm ngắn u lướt (mod. short) không nhấn (âm schwa).	circus
29	û	Circumflex on u	û (û / U+00FB)	Biến âm u đứng trước phụ âm r (/ɜːr/).	burn
30	ou (ȧoo)	Phonetic Decomposition	ou (ȧo͞o) (ou (ȧo͞o))	Phân tích nhị trùng âm (diphthong) ou (/aʊ/): được tạo thành khi chuyển từ âm ȧ (intermediate a) sang o͞o (long oo).	out